加泰隆尼亞概述 - 歷史(上) - 西班牙

※ [本文轉錄自 FCBarcelona 看板]

作者: Catalan (原來那小白當兵了) 看板: FCBarcelona
標題: [論文]加泰隆尼亞概述 - 歷史
時間: Tue Nov 16 04:06:25 2004


原文摘自

Cramer, Mark. "Barcelona At Your Door",
Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, Portland, 2001


The story of Catalunya's resentment against Madrid goes back
centryes. Like Spanish, catalan is a romance language, reflecting
the fact that the Romans were the first recorded settlers in the
region, dating back to 218 BC. Tarragona was Rome's main outpost
in the region, but today's Gothic Quater of Barcelona was built
upon the Roman Settlement of Barcino.

In the fourth century, Franc invaders broke through the Roman
ramparts of Barcino, to be followed by the Romanized Visigoths in
415. In 711, it was the Muslims' turn. fighting their way up from
Gibraltar, the Moors had little trouble defeating the Visigoths,
who had been self-destruction by warring amongst themselves.
The Moors would remain in much of Spain until 1492, but in 805,
King Louis le Pieux, son of Charlemagne, established a Carolingian
administration that included Catalunya. Neither Castillian nor
Catalan was yet an established language at the time. The term
"Catalan" as a language was first mentioned in documents as of
the tenth century, when what is today known as the Catalan language
resembled the "langue d'oc" spoken on the french side of the Pyrenees.

Political power in the Catalan region, on both sides of the Pyrenees,
was in the hands of a clan of counts, led by Guifre el Pelos, who entered
Barecelona in 878 and established religious organizations throughout
Catalunya. Guifre was responsible for consolidating the first Catalan
power structure. In the tenth century, the House of Barcelona was one
of the only isolated Christian states within the Moorish Iberian Peninsula.
The Moors under Al'Mansur returned in 985. The catalan counts asked for
French help to repel the Moors but the Carloingians never came to the rescue.

Only a medieval specialist can sort out the complex alliances of the
time between Muslim and christian kings during the Catholic "Reconquest"
of the peninsula. The Catalan count Ramon Berenguer, with Morrish financial
support, was able to extend the christian catalan empire into southern France.
While under Ramon Berenguer III, for the half century at the end of the
1000s and the beginning of the 1100s, Catalunya became a maritime power.
This Christianization of Catalunya occurred long before the Catholic kings
established total control of what would become Spain in 1492.

From the 1100s through the beginning of the 1200s, Catalunya's Royalty
came under the incluence of the neighboring Aragon. Catalunya eventually
lost its territory on the French side of the Pyrenees but expanded eastward
to the Islas Baleares and as far as Sardinia and Naples. Barcelona now
dominated commerce with Africa and the middle East, and Catalan-Aragon
imperialism was responsible for bloody wars throughout the Mediterranean.

Within the 1200s, still before the advent of a Spanish nation, Catalunya
had already established its own legal foundations as a state. In 1274,
the Consell dels Cents Jurats became an electoral body that appointed
municipal leaders, and in 1283, les Corts catalanes met for the first time
as a type of power base for the local merchant class against an emerging
royal elite that would eventually coalesce around Catalan state, politically
and socially they were considered a notch below in class by the local royalty,
the Counts. The permanent government of the corts catalanes was referred
to as La Generalitat, a name and an institution that has periodically evolved,
been disbanded, but ultimately survived to the present day. La Generalitat
is the name of today's Catalunya government.

Barcelona's economic independence persisted with the help of a community
of converted Jews. At this point in history, Spain began to put the squeeze
on catalunya. The Inquisition decimated this "New Christian" sector of
Barcelona's Jewish population, the Catholic kings prohibited direct trade
between Catalunya and the Spanish colonies, and the Crown stiffened
Catalunya's tax oblligations. catalunya was relegated to the status
of any one of Spain's overseas possessions.

Castillian oppression sparked a response. In the seventeenth century,
the Catalans rebelled, declared their independence, and looked to France
for protection. The typical royal family intrigues eventually left
Catalunya unprotected, with centralist King Felipe V threatening to
one and for all eliminate the Republic of Catalunya. Between 1713 and
1714, Barcelona resisted the incursions of the Spanish Crown, finally
falling on September 11, 1714.




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