Patagonian toothfish - 生態環境討論

By Noah
at 2003-02-23T19:01
at 2003-02-23T19:01
Table of Contents
Patagonian Toothfish 巴塔岡尼亞美露鱈
(Antarctic sea bass 南極鱸 or Chilean sea bass 智利鱸)
美露鱈或許不是你所看過最美麗的魚,但是卻絕對是最壯麗的魚種之一。
在全世界已知的20000種魚裡面,只有120種僅居住在地球的南部海域(Southern Ocean)。
在這片海域裡經過了4000萬年的演化,他們的體液發展出獨特的"抗寒"成分以適應寒冷的
環境。由於他們要花比較長的時間達到性成熟以繁殖下一代,過度漁撈對於南極的魚類有
非常毀滅性的影響。
美露鱈是種深海魚,生長的環境在水面下300至3500英呎的海底山脈或海床上,像絕大多數
的深海魚一樣,人類對於他們所之甚少,只知道他們是抹香鯨(sperm whale)的部份和海象
(elephant seal)的主要獵物(有科學家估計美露鱈構成了海象98%的食物來源),因此美露
鱈對於南極海域附近的生態也扮演了很重要的腳色,他們的滅絕很可能會導致其他大型海
洋生物的食源匱乏。這種生長在深海的鱸魚生長緩慢,正常情況下可長至兩公尺,最多可
活超過50歲,但是直到10歲才具備生育後代的能力。由於美露鱈的繁殖速度緩慢,再加上
濫捕情形的肆虐,造成市面上所見的美露鱈變得越來越小。
「全國環保信託基金會」 (National Environmental Trust) 於2002年3月發起運動,
要求餐館廚師和海鮮業者保證不販售美露鱈和不提供標榜美露鱈的特餐。
美露鱈於十年前在海產市場中改名智利鱸魚(Chilean sea bass)之後被廣為推廣。
智利鱸魚的外貌醜陋,但魚肉肉質和口感都屬上等之選,因此成為當地及世界各地海鮮
餐飲界的寵兒。大部分生長在南極地帶寒冷海域的智利鱸魚,因魚獲量日漸稀少,價格也
因此水漲船高,被捕魚業者戲稱為「白金(White Gold) 」,近年來吸引大批非法捕魚者。
至2002七月份,美國有五百多家西式餐館和業者響應。一些廚師也表示;他們只會選用有
合法捕撈證明的智利鱸魚進行料理。野生動物保護團體並於2002年秋天在158 國代表出席
的「瀕臨滅絕物種國際貿易大會」上,要求國際間對智利鱸魚的捕獲數量設限,擴大對防
止智利鱸魚絕種的努力。
據科學家估計(CCAMLR, 1997),光是人類一年對於美露鱈的濫捕就減損了他們整個族群的
25%。在法屬Crozet群島(濫捕最嚴重的地方之一)附近,美露鱈的非法濫捕整整超出了合法
漁獲量的12倍以上。1998年,全球美露鱈漁業終於達到了商業絕種(commercial
extinction 應該是指漁業成本超過了可得利潤)的臨界點,光前一年(1997)的漁獲量就高
達100,000噸,價值超過7億6000萬澳幣。據估計在某些區域九成以上的美露鱈漁獲是經由
非法手段捕獲,例如Prince Edward以及Marion Island,僅僅兩年內當地的美露鱈就被捕
至商業絕種。
Fishing History of Patagonian Toothfish
Mid 1980s Overfishing forced dozens of Spanish, South Korean and Japanese
industrial fishing vessels out of their national waters. They moved to Chilean
waters where they caught fish such as Austral Hake and Golden Kingclip.
Early 1990s Overfishing caused the collapse of these fisheries.
These industrial fishing fleets then targeted Patagonian toothfish.
1994 Fishing for Patagonian toothfish spread to the coast of Argentina.
When the population of Patagonian toothfish in South American waters became
depleted the illegal fishers moved eastwards.
1996 and 1997 Illegal fishers spread to the southern Indian Ocean.
1998/1999 Now that the fishery around Prince Edward and Marion islands has
been over fished to the point of commercial extinction, industrialised fishing
vessels continue to poach thousands of tonnes of Patagonian toothfish around
South America, the sub-Antarctic islands belonging to South Africa, Australia,
New Zealand, France and in international waters.
1999 CCAMLR governments know even less about the extent of pirate fishing than
last year. It is thought that the pirates are increasingly transhipping their
catches to other vessels at sea. Meanwhile the price of toothfish in the
markets has increased steadily since July 1998. In January 1998 it was worth
$6 per kilo. In July 1999 it was $11.
2000 Driven by the economic interests of their own commercial fishing
companies, CCAMLR governments again set substantial quotas for legal fisheries
despite there being no new scientific information to indicate that these
commercial quotas were sustainable. Estimates for pirate catches were at
least 30% higher than 1999. Scientists again admitted that they knew little
about the extent of pirate fishing.
Data about Patagonian toothfish
美露鱈 (toothfish, Dissostichus spp.)
包括小鱗犬牙南極魚 (D. eleginodes) 及 鱗頭犬齒南極魚 (D. mawsoni) 二種,
屬鱸形目 (Perciformes) 、 南極魚科(Nototheniidae),分布於南大西洋、南太平洋
及印度洋等靠近南極之高緯度水域,為具商業價值之魚種,南極海洋生物資源保育委員會
(CCAMLR 念做camilar)並對該魚種實施「魚獲認證制度」加以管理。
有關該美露鱈之進一步資料及圖片,請參考下列網站資訊:
1.www.fishbase.org
2.www.ccamlr.org
3.fishdb.sinica.edu.tw
--
NGC也有播出喔
--
(Antarctic sea bass 南極鱸 or Chilean sea bass 智利鱸)
美露鱈或許不是你所看過最美麗的魚,但是卻絕對是最壯麗的魚種之一。
在全世界已知的20000種魚裡面,只有120種僅居住在地球的南部海域(Southern Ocean)。
在這片海域裡經過了4000萬年的演化,他們的體液發展出獨特的"抗寒"成分以適應寒冷的
環境。由於他們要花比較長的時間達到性成熟以繁殖下一代,過度漁撈對於南極的魚類有
非常毀滅性的影響。
美露鱈是種深海魚,生長的環境在水面下300至3500英呎的海底山脈或海床上,像絕大多數
的深海魚一樣,人類對於他們所之甚少,只知道他們是抹香鯨(sperm whale)的部份和海象
(elephant seal)的主要獵物(有科學家估計美露鱈構成了海象98%的食物來源),因此美露
鱈對於南極海域附近的生態也扮演了很重要的腳色,他們的滅絕很可能會導致其他大型海
洋生物的食源匱乏。這種生長在深海的鱸魚生長緩慢,正常情況下可長至兩公尺,最多可
活超過50歲,但是直到10歲才具備生育後代的能力。由於美露鱈的繁殖速度緩慢,再加上
濫捕情形的肆虐,造成市面上所見的美露鱈變得越來越小。
「全國環保信託基金會」 (National Environmental Trust) 於2002年3月發起運動,
要求餐館廚師和海鮮業者保證不販售美露鱈和不提供標榜美露鱈的特餐。
美露鱈於十年前在海產市場中改名智利鱸魚(Chilean sea bass)之後被廣為推廣。
智利鱸魚的外貌醜陋,但魚肉肉質和口感都屬上等之選,因此成為當地及世界各地海鮮
餐飲界的寵兒。大部分生長在南極地帶寒冷海域的智利鱸魚,因魚獲量日漸稀少,價格也
因此水漲船高,被捕魚業者戲稱為「白金(White Gold) 」,近年來吸引大批非法捕魚者。
至2002七月份,美國有五百多家西式餐館和業者響應。一些廚師也表示;他們只會選用有
合法捕撈證明的智利鱸魚進行料理。野生動物保護團體並於2002年秋天在158 國代表出席
的「瀕臨滅絕物種國際貿易大會」上,要求國際間對智利鱸魚的捕獲數量設限,擴大對防
止智利鱸魚絕種的努力。
據科學家估計(CCAMLR, 1997),光是人類一年對於美露鱈的濫捕就減損了他們整個族群的
25%。在法屬Crozet群島(濫捕最嚴重的地方之一)附近,美露鱈的非法濫捕整整超出了合法
漁獲量的12倍以上。1998年,全球美露鱈漁業終於達到了商業絕種(commercial
extinction 應該是指漁業成本超過了可得利潤)的臨界點,光前一年(1997)的漁獲量就高
達100,000噸,價值超過7億6000萬澳幣。據估計在某些區域九成以上的美露鱈漁獲是經由
非法手段捕獲,例如Prince Edward以及Marion Island,僅僅兩年內當地的美露鱈就被捕
至商業絕種。
Fishing History of Patagonian Toothfish
Mid 1980s Overfishing forced dozens of Spanish, South Korean and Japanese
industrial fishing vessels out of their national waters. They moved to Chilean
waters where they caught fish such as Austral Hake and Golden Kingclip.
Early 1990s Overfishing caused the collapse of these fisheries.
These industrial fishing fleets then targeted Patagonian toothfish.
1994 Fishing for Patagonian toothfish spread to the coast of Argentina.
When the population of Patagonian toothfish in South American waters became
depleted the illegal fishers moved eastwards.
1996 and 1997 Illegal fishers spread to the southern Indian Ocean.
1998/1999 Now that the fishery around Prince Edward and Marion islands has
been over fished to the point of commercial extinction, industrialised fishing
vessels continue to poach thousands of tonnes of Patagonian toothfish around
South America, the sub-Antarctic islands belonging to South Africa, Australia,
New Zealand, France and in international waters.
1999 CCAMLR governments know even less about the extent of pirate fishing than
last year. It is thought that the pirates are increasingly transhipping their
catches to other vessels at sea. Meanwhile the price of toothfish in the
markets has increased steadily since July 1998. In January 1998 it was worth
$6 per kilo. In July 1999 it was $11.
2000 Driven by the economic interests of their own commercial fishing
companies, CCAMLR governments again set substantial quotas for legal fisheries
despite there being no new scientific information to indicate that these
commercial quotas were sustainable. Estimates for pirate catches were at
least 30% higher than 1999. Scientists again admitted that they knew little
about the extent of pirate fishing.
Data about Patagonian toothfish
美露鱈 (toothfish, Dissostichus spp.)
包括小鱗犬牙南極魚 (D. eleginodes) 及 鱗頭犬齒南極魚 (D. mawsoni) 二種,
屬鱸形目 (Perciformes) 、 南極魚科(Nototheniidae),分布於南大西洋、南太平洋
及印度洋等靠近南極之高緯度水域,為具商業價值之魚種,南極海洋生物資源保育委員會
(CCAMLR 念做camilar)並對該魚種實施「魚獲認證制度」加以管理。
有關該美露鱈之進一步資料及圖片,請參考下列網站資訊:
1.www.fishbase.org
2.www.ccamlr.org
3.fishdb.sinica.edu.tw
--
NGC也有播出喔
--
Tags:
生態環境
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